Abstract
Abstract ESCA has been used to study oxide films formed on stainless steel of the type 18Cr–10Ni–1·8Mn, with oxidation temperatures ranging from 25 to 800° C and oxidation times from 1/4 to 70 h. Low temperature, and short oxidation time at high temperature, gives mainly iron oxide in the layer, showing that the composition of the oxide layer is controlled by availability of the metal rather than reactivity. High temperature and long oxidation time give higher concentrations of chromium and manganese in the oxide, in accordance with the relative reactivities of these metals. A specimen preparation and handling system of UHV type, specially designed to make ESCA applicable to practical materials problems, is described. This includes a calibration device which makes it possible to measure charging effects on nonconducting compounds.
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