Abstract
Samples from three different mating stages (before, during and after mating) of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata were used in this experiment. Samples obtained from whole insects were subjected to extraction with the two mixtures of solvents (acetonitrile/water (A) and methanol/acetonitrile/water (B)) and a comparative study of the extractions using the different solvents was performed. Direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) was employed, followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analyses (GC/MS) for the collection, separation and identification of compounds. The method was validated by testing its sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility. The main compounds identified in the three different mating stages were ethyl glycolate, α-farnesene, decanoic acid octyl ester, 2,6,10,15-tetramethylheptadecane, 11-tricosene, 9,12-(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid, methyl stearate, 9-(Z)-tricosene, 9,11-didehydro-lumisterol acetate; 1,54-dibromotetrapentacontane, 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid hexadecyl ester, 9-(E)-octadecenoic acid and 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid octadecyl ester. The novel findings indicated that compound compositions were not significantly different before and during mating. However, new chemical compounds were generated after mating, such as 1-iodododecane, 9-(Z)-tricosene and 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-acetate which were extracted with both (A) and (B) and dodecanoic acid, (Z)-oleic acid, octadecanoic acid and hentriacontane which were extracted with (A) and ethyl glycolate, 9-hexadecenoic acid hexadecyl ester, palmitoleic acid and 9-(E)-octadecenoic acid, which were extracted with solvent (B). This study has demonstrated that DI-SPME is useful in quantitative insect metabolomics by determining changes in the metabolic compounds in response to mating periods. DI-SPME chemical extraction technology might offer analysis of metabolites that could potentially enhance our understanding on the evolution of the medfly.
Highlights
The developed analytical methods for the analysis of volatile and non-volatile compounds are increasingly being used as tools for the study of plant chemistry and the evolution of insect–plantMolecules 2018, 23, 2951; doi:10.3390/molecules23112951 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesMolecules 2018, 23, 2951 interactions [1]
The precision of Direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)) was tested using biological sources and analysis of variation, to determine the analytical variability of the data generated when adult flies were sampled at different stages
For further testing of DI-SPME, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to compare the composition of two extracts solvents after directly immersing the SPME fiber in the extract
Summary
The developed analytical methods for the analysis of volatile and non-volatile compounds are increasingly being used as tools for the study of plant chemistry and the evolution of insect–plantMolecules 2018, 23, 2951; doi:10.3390/molecules23112951 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesMolecules 2018, 23, 2951 interactions [1]. The developed analytical methods for the analysis of volatile and non-volatile compounds are increasingly being used as tools for the study of plant chemistry and the evolution of insect–plant. The development of sample preparation and extraction methodologies is one of the main challenges for metabolism studies [2] and has an enormous impact on the quality of the data. Biological samples should be unbiased and nonselective [3]. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been used for rapid sample preparation and provides an efficient method to detect chemicals in detection and separation systems [3,4]. The extraction of samples can be performed using two methods. Headspace SPME (HS-SPME), the polymeric film is exposed to the gas phase that adsorbs the volatiles in the headspace of the liquid, gas or gaseous samples
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