Abstract
Circular bubble plume diffusers have been confirmed as an effective technology for the restoration of the deep water system, but have never been applied in sub-deep water system. In this study, circular bubble plume diffusers were used, for the first time, to restore water quality in the Aha Reservoir, a typical sub-deep reservoir in Southwest China. Axisymmetric intrusive gravity currents were formed with a horizontal radius of 250 m at the equilibrium depth and the intrusion of oxygen-enriched water occurred within the depth of 10–14 m, while thermal stratification remained intact. A total of 95% of the imported oxygen was dissolved, but most was consumed by organic matter and other reduced substances within the hypolimnion. The oxygen consumption of organic matter, NH4+ and remaining reduced materials, accounted for 41.4–52.5%, 25% and 13.3–24.4% of the total imported oxygen, respectively. Compared with the control sites, dissolved oxygen level in the hypolimnion increased 3–4 times, and concentrations of NH4+, total Fe and total Mn were reduced by 15.5%, 45.5% and 48.9%, respectively. A significant decrease in total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations was observed in the experimental zone (0.04–0.02 mg/L and 1.9–1.7 mg/L, respectively). This indicates that circular bubble plumes have great potential for oxygenation of the hypolimnion and improving water quality in the sub-deep water system. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed to improve the discrete bubble model to elaborate the oxygen transmission dynamics and the plume formation processes in sub-deep water systems, incorporating oxygen consumption processes.
Highlights
Deep water is usually anoxic, because of the consumption of oxygen with the degradation of organic matter (OM) in benthic water [1], especially when oxygen transfer is cut off by the formation of a thermocline in deep water systems [2,3,4]
Only a slight increase in concentration most of the oxygen introduced into the water was consumed immediately by OM and other reduced of dissolved oxygen (DO) was achieved within the hypolimnion, except in the intrusion layer (Figure 4)
The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the experimental zone (0.04–0.02 mg/L and 1.9–1.7 mg/L, respectively), with no significant decrease in TP and TN concentrations in the control sites
Summary
Deep water is usually anoxic (dissolved oxygen, DO < 2 mg/L), because of the consumption of oxygen with the degradation of organic matter (OM) in benthic water [1], especially when oxygen transfer is cut off by the formation of a thermocline in deep water systems [2,3,4]. The anoxic conditions may increase internal phosphorus loading and elevate primary production, which could deteriorate water quality and endanger the drinking water supply [5,6,7]. As the main countermeasure to this problem, oxygen replenishment has many advantages: (1) restraining the release of phosphorus, iron and manganese from sediment [8,9,10,11,12,13]; (2) reducing the nitrogen level by stimulating bacterial. Public Health 2017, 14, 1298; doi:10.3390/ijerph14111298 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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