Application of chemometrics for modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction for the simultaneous determination of dyes

Siroos Shojaei,Saeed Shojaei,Arezoo Nouri,Leila Baharinikoo

doi:10.1038/s41545-021-00113-6

Siroos Shojaei, Saeed Shojaei + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00113-6

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Abstract

As the world population continues to grow, so does the pollution of water resources. It is, therefore, important to identify ways of reducing pollution as part of our effort to significantly increase the supply of clean and safer water. In this study, the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) as a fast, economical, and simple method for extraction malachite green (MG) and rhodamine B (RB) dyes from water samples is investigated. In optimal conditions, the linear dynamic range (LDR) for RB and MG is 7.5–1500 ng mL−1 and 12–1000 ng mL−1, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) is 1.45 ng mL−1 and 2.73 ng mL−1, and limit of quantification (LOQ) is 4.83 ng mL−1 and 9.10 ng mL−1 for RB and MG, respectively. Extraction efficiency is obtained in the range of 95.53–99.60%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) in real water and wastewater samples are less than 3.5. The developed method is used successfully in the determination of RB and MG dyes from water samples and there are satisfactory results.

Highlights

The goals of sustainable development include 17 items, one of which is to study the issue of clean water and sanitation
In a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method, the phase separation is achieved by centrifugation
The dispersed fine droplets of the extraction phase are sedimented at the bottom of a conical test tube

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The goals of sustainable development include 17 items, one of which is to study the issue of clean water and sanitation. To eliminate or reduce the above-mentioned disadvantages, microextraction methods such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique are used for preconcentration and extraction of very small amounts of different samples[28,29]. Due to the mentioned advantages, DLLME technique can be widely used in the extraction of analyte from water, food matrix, etc.[30,31,32] One of these methods is the use of ultrasonic waves. The aim of current work was to investigate the rate of extraction of RB and MG dyes from aqueous solutions For this purpose, selected effective factors were entered at different levels in the RSM. Centrifuge rate selection Centrifugation is an essential step in DLLME to separate the extractant droplet from the aqueous sample, thereby preconcen-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Method validation

METHODS