Abstract
The emergence of recent viral outbreaks, especially the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting global mortality and damage has created an urgent need to accelerate the identification, prevention, and treatment of these viral diseases. Due to the limitations in the use of humans, and animal models in terms of time, costs, metabolism differences and ethical issues, in vitro models have become essential in virology research. In the present review, we collected the application of several used cell culture models in studies on four pathogenic viruses - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), influenza A virus (H1N1), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These models included, 2D and 3D cell culture (organoids, microfluidic-chips, and bioprinted models). A collection of existing research on these viruses can help fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and speed it up against future emerging viruses. Moreover, it can show the shortcomings of in vitro models in virology studies that have been performed to date and provide researchers with new ideas for developing models that are more efficient to deal with similar viral outbreaks.
Highlights
Over the past two decades, four highly pathogenic and deadly human viruses have emerged. they were severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), influenza A virus (H1N1), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), and 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) [1]
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is spreading worldwide and causes deaths and injuries to a large number of people every day due to the lack of knowledge about COVID‐19 pathogenesis and the absence of decisive treatment and vaccines available to the public. it is essential to learn more about pathophysiology, in order to prevent further spread and high mortality rate and to identify the best drug targets and vaccines
The use of study models can help to achieve this [2, 3]. Since these four viruses (SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, H1N1, and SARS‐CoV‐2) are somewhat similar in some genomic characteristics, pathogenesis, and transmission, the researchers can rely on earlier experience about these viruses to speed up developing new relevant study models [1, 4]
Summary
Over the past two decades, four highly pathogenic and deadly human viruses have emerged. they were severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), influenza A virus (H1N1), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), and 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) [1]. As cell culture models can be designed differently depending on the study’s requirements and the type of virus, they can work with a wide range of host‐specific viruses As a result, these models have various applications in experiments of viral infections, including studying virus pathophysiology, virus isolation, vaccine manufacturing, drug designing, effects of drugs and toxic compounds on cells, and monoclonal antibody production [2, 5]. Isolating and identifying viruses in clinical specimens, preparing viruses for vaccines, and studying the viral structure, multiplication cycles, genetics, and virus‐host cell interaction are other essential and common applications of 2D cell cultures in virology [5] Research based on these applications demonstrated that LoVo cells are useful for studying biology and persistent infection of SARS-CoV in in vitro models. Difficulties mentioned above, led researchers to try other models, especially 3D cell culture models, which are more similar to the human organs [33, 34]
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