Abstract
Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) is emerging as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) of significant promise, which is mainly due to its efficiency for the decomposition of recalcitrant organic compounds in industrial and urban wastewaters and relatively low operating costs. In current study, we have systemised and critically discussed the feasibility of CWPO for industrial and urban wastewater treatment. More specifically, types of catalysts the effect of pH, temperature, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations on the efficiency of CWPO were taken into consideration. The operating and maintenance costs of CWPO applied to wastewater treatment and toxicity assessment were also discussed. Knowledge gaps were identified and summarised. The main conclusions of this work are: (i) catalyst leaching and deactivation is one of the main problematic issues; (ii) majority of studies were performed in semi-batch and batch reactors, while continuous fixed bed reactors were not extensively studied for treatment of real wastewaters; (iii) toxicity of wastewaters treated by CWPO is of key importance for possible application, however it was not studied thoroughly; and, (iv) CWPO can be regarded as economically viable for wastewater treatment, especially when conducted at ambient temperature and natural pH of wastewater.
Highlights
Water is a vital and limited resource, which is constantly under pressure from urbanisation, pollution, etc
The oxidation potential of hydrogen peroxide towards organic pollutants in wastewater is known to be relatively weak, so the highly oxidative species that are generated as a result of complex reactions between hydrogen peroxide and iron-based catalysts play a crucial role in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) efficiency
It should be mentioned that pH adjustment of industrial wastewater prior to CWPO could significantly increase the cost of the treatment when applied on an industrial scale
Summary
Water is a vital and limited resource, which is constantly under pressure from urbanisation, pollution, etc. After achieving the complete mineralisation of contaminants and the generated by-products, the further treatment of water is not needed [15]. This way, the secondary loading of contaminants into the environment can be avoided and AOPs can be considered as "clean technology" [15]. It is highly possible that AOPs can be among the most used water treatment processes for the elimination of persistent organic compounds from wastewater in the near future [16,17]. The removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals from industrial, urban, and hospital wastewater was reported to be lower than that from ultrapure water [25,26], due to the possible complexation of inorganic ions, such as chloride, carbonate, sulphate, etc. Special attention was devoted to toxicity assays when real wastewater was used, because of the important possible impact on the receiving environment
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