Abstract
Aside from HPLC and GC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most important techniques for high-performance separations in modern analytical chemistry. Its main advantages are the possibility of using different detection techniques, the possibility of in-capillary sample processing for preconcentration or derivatization, and ease of instrumental miniaturization down to the microfluidic scale. Those features are utilized in the separation of macromolecules in biochemistry and in genetic investigations, but they can be also used in determinations of inorganic ions in water analysis. This review, based on about 100 original research works, presents applications of CE methods in water analysis reported in recent decade, mostly regarding conductivity detection or indirect UV detection. The developed applications include analysis of high salinity sea waters, as well as analysis of other surface waters and drinking waters.
Highlights
The current common requirement for the quality control of water for municipal and industrial needs, and for environmental protection, has resulted practically in a permanent search for the development of improved analytical techniques and instrumentation for the analytical techniques used for the determination of inorganic macro- and microcomponents, as well as organic compounds usually occurring at trace levels
The subject of this review is to present recent achievements in the uses of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with various detection methods and with different steps of sample processing in the determination of inorganic anions in waters, based on papers published in recent decades
The main challenge for the successful application of the CE-ICP-mass spectrometry (MS) technique is the development of a suitable interface, a novel and highly efficient interface to be directly used as the nebulizer was developed for the simultaneous determination of ten arsenic species [67]
Summary
The current common requirement for the quality control of water for municipal and industrial needs, and for environmental protection, has resulted practically in a permanent search for the development of improved analytical techniques and instrumentation for the analytical techniques used for the determination of inorganic macro- and microcomponents, as well as organic compounds usually occurring at trace levels. The invention of high-performance ion-chromatography (IC) in the 1980s essentially improved determinations of inorganic ions in waters Those IC methods are commonly accepted and routinely used in water analyses for various needs. The application of C4 D contactless conductivity detection in CE significantly improves the limits of the detection of inorganic cations and anions, which are only 2.7 times higher than non-suppressed single column ICs with conductivity detection, and 10 times higher than those obtained for suppressed IC with conductivity detection, respectively [7] It was shown, for instance, that for trace determination of Fe(II) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus in sediment porewater, the LOD values for IC with conductivity detection were insufficient, while the values obtained for CE with C4 D detection were satisfactory [8]. Several reviews on the application of CE techniques for the determination of inorganic ions in water analysis [13,14,15] and the use of portable CE systems for applications including water analysis [16] have been published
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