Application of Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Test in Determining the Relationship between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: a Case Study of OPEC Countries

Abstract

The purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth in 10 oil-exporting countries for the period 1980 to 2018. To get to this purpose, the bootstrap panel causality test has been deployed. According to the findings of this study on renewable energy consumption, the results of the causality test showed that the growth hypothesis for Ecuador is well grounded. Besides, the conservation hypothesis is valid for Algeria and Iran. The feedback hypothesis based on a two-way relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Saudi Arabia and the UAE has also been confirmed, while there was evidence of the neutrality hypothesis for Angola, Iraq, Nigeria, Venezuela, and Congo. Regarding non-renewable energy consumption, the feedback hypothesis has been confirmed for Ecuador, UAE, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Venezuela, and Congo. The conservation hypothesis was observed for Iraq and Algeria. Also, there has been no causal relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth for Angola, and the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed.