Abstract
The application of a catch-and-release system for soluble Pd species between water (reaction medium) and polystyrene (polymer support) was examined in the Suzuki coupling reaction with 2-bromothiophene and the Heck reaction with styrene or bromobenzene. Although a slight increase in particle size was observed by TEM after re-stabilization of the Pd species on linear polystyrene, no agglomeration was observed.
Highlights
IntroductionHomogeneous-heterogeneous switching catalysts have become of great interest to chemists, because they have the advantages of both homogeneous (high activity) and heterogeneous (recovery and recyclability) catalysts [1,2,3,4]
Homogeneous-heterogeneous switching catalysts have become of great interest to chemists, because they have the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts [1,2,3,4]
We confirmed that a recyclable homogeneous-heterogeneous switching system was constructed using polystyrene-stabilized PdO nanoparticles (PS-PdONPs) and aryl halide and that tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) would act as a stabilizer for leached palladium species [28]
Summary
Homogeneous-heterogeneous switching catalysts have become of great interest to chemists, because they have the advantages of both homogeneous (high activity) and heterogeneous (recovery and recyclability) catalysts [1,2,3,4]. Metal nanoparticles possess high catalytic activity in water [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] and have been used as semi-heterogeneous catalysts, and as semi-heterogeneous supports [20,21,22,23]. Palladium nanoparticles generated in situ for the Suzuki coupling reaction and aerobic alcohol oxidation in water were recovered using linear polystyrene, even in the presence of organic compounds [27]. These reports prompted efforts to develop recyclable “boomerang”. This report describes the application of this system to a series of coupling reactions
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