Abstract
BackgroundCadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause renal tubular dysfunction in humans. Women are among the high-risk group for Cd health effects. Determining the thresholds of Cd-induced renal effects is important. Thus, in this article, we aimed to identify the benchmark dose (BMD) and its low limit (BMDL) levels as the Cd thresholds for Chinese women.MethodsEpidemiologic investigation was performed in county A and county B to obtain data on Cd exposure and its renal effect on respondents. Levels of Cd (UCd), β2-microglobulin (UB2M), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (UNAG) were measured in morning urine samples. The BMD approach was mainly performed.ResultsResults of the BMD approach were similar whether the method was conducted for the two sets of data (collected in CA and CB, respectively) separately or cooperatively. The BMD/BMDL values of UCd for all subjects were 1.07/0.44 and 2.12/0.53 µg/g cr based on UB2M and UNAG, respectively, given a predetermined BMR of 0.05.ConclusionsThe presented thresholds of Cd-induced renal effects (i.e., the BMDLs of UCd) are close to the counterpart values reported in Japan, Sweden and Belguim.
Highlights
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause renal tubular dysfunction in humans
Women aged 35 to 55 years living in Cd-polluted areas were recruited to study the relationship of Cd contents with levels of b2-microglobulin (UB2M) and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase (UNAG) in urine and to identify the benchmark dose (BMD) and BMDs and the low limits (BMDLs) of urinary Cd (UCd) levels corresponding to predetermined BMR as 5% and 10% of the two mentioned renal tubular dysfunction biomarkers using the BMD method
This article was based on the data collected through two epidemiological investigations: one was launched in county A (CA) in 2006 and the other was launched in county B (CB) in 2011
Summary
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause renal tubular dysfunction in humans. Long-term environmental Cd exposures at low levels may result in Cd accumulation in the human body, especially in the liver and kidneys, because of the long biological half-life of Cd, which induces glomerular and tubular dysfunctions as well as osteoporosis [3,4,5]. Women reportedly have a higher rate of Cd absorption in the digestive tract than men [6]. Staessen et al and Schutte et al showed that despite renal tubular dysfunctions, low-level environmental Cd exposure promotes bone resorption and osteoporosis, probably leading to a higher risk of fractures, especially in postmenopausal women [3,15]
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