Application of black phosphorus for pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber laser

Abstract

We demonstrate the production of Q-switched and mode-locked pulses in Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) using an exfoliated black phosphorous as saturable absorber. The prepared SA has a modulation depth of 7.5% and it was incorporated into a 6 m long EDFL cavity for Q-switching. The Q-switched laser operated at the centre wavelength of 1559.8 nm owns the shortest pulse width of 2.24 µs, the maximum repetition rate of 98.5 kHz, and the highest pulse energy of 171.7 nJ at the pump power of 134.1 mW. The soliton pulses were achieved in the extended 106 m long EDFL cavity to operate at 1560.0 nm with a frequency and pulse duration of 1.88 MHz and 3.6 ps, respectively. For mode locking operation, the laser generates an average output power of 17.8 mW which is associated with 9.5 nJ pulse energy when the pump power is at 139.4 mW.