Application of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 −based catalysts for piezocatalytic, photocatalytic and piezo-photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater remediation

Abstract

In order to attain visible light driven piezo-photocatalyst for treatment of organic pollutants, Ag doped Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 particles (Bi0.5Na0.5-x AgxTiO3 particles with x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) have been synthesised via sol–gel route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study confirmed the monoclinic phase structure with Cc space group for all compositions. The Rietveld refinement using FullPROF program was performed to ensure the phase purity of the samples. The structure is reconfirmed by matching vibrational modes in Raman spectra as well. Morphological and elemental analysis were done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped energy dispersive x-ray spectra (EDX) and found the particle size ranging from 300-400 nm. UV–vis absorbance spectra were employed to find the optical bandgap for all synthesised particles, found in the range of 3.65–2.63 eV. The best piezo-photocatalytic activity found for sample x = 0.01 tested for rhodamine B dye, which is ∼ 82 % in 80 min under the exposure of UV light and mechanical disturbances, whereas degradation was ∼ 52.4 % and ∼ 22.7 % for photo- and piezocatalysis, respectively. Kinetics study and rate constant values were found using first order rate kinetics equation. Trapping experiment and stability test for the catalysts were done systematically, finding that hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are major active species and ∼ 9 % decrement in degradation capacity over three cycles were found due to loss of catalyst amount. The improvement in degradation is attributed to least recombination rate, greater oxygen vacancies, high degradation yield, high absorption capacity and optimum bandgap values over the other compositions. Therefore, 1 % Ag doped BNT sample can be novel efficient piezo-photocatalyst for treatment of organic dyes.