Abstract
Craniopharyngioma is a congenital brain tumor with clinical characteristics of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, increased intracranial pressure, and visual field disorder, among other injuries. Its clinical diagnosis mainly depends on radiological examinations (such as Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging). However, assessing numerous radiological images manually is a challenging task, and the experience of doctors has a great influence on the diagnosis result. The development of artificial intelligence has brought about a great transformation in the clinical diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. This study reviewed the application of artificial intelligence technology in the clinical diagnosis of craniopharyngioma from the aspects of differential classification, prediction of tissue invasion and gene mutation, prognosis prediction, and so on. Based on the reviews, the technical route of intelligent diagnosis based on the traditional machine learning model and deep learning model were further proposed. Additionally, in terms of the limitations and possibilities of the development of artificial intelligence in craniopharyngioma diagnosis, this study discussed the attentions required in future research, including few-shot learning, imbalanced data set, semi-supervised models, and multi-omics fusion.
Highlights
With reference to literature of Artificial intelligence (AI) in craniopharyngiomas and other similar tumors, this study proposed the technical route for intelligent diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas, focusing on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based machine learning and deep learning methods
The results showed that the performance of the optimal model was comparable to the average of radiologists, and the deep learning network achieved the best performance with the combination of computed tomography (CT) and MRI data sets
The results suggested that this non-invasive radiomics approach could predict the invasiveness of craniopharyngioma, aid clinical decision making, and improve patient prognosis
Summary
Craniopharyngioma is a common skull congenital tumor in clinical which accounts for 1.2–4.0% of all primary skull tumors [1]. Craniopharyngioma occurs in a bimodal age distribution, with peak onset ages ranging from 5 to 14 years and 50 to 74 years [5]. The embryonic remnant theory is generally accepted for the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas This theory believes that craniopharyngioma arises from the embryonic enamel primordium, which is located between the Rathke capsule and the oral craniopharyngeal tube, and is formed by residual epithelial cells remaining from craniopharyngeal duct insufficiency [6, 7]. The clinical manifestations of craniopharyngioma are diverse, depending on the tumor location, size, growth pattern, and the relationship with adjacent brain tissue. Craniopharyngioma grows slowly along the suprasellar, sphenoid sinus, posterior nasopharyngeal wall to the third ventricle, thereby forming compression on adjacent brain tissue and causing clinical manifestations. Lethargy or even coma [12], electrolyte disturbance [13], diabetes insipidus [14], obesity [15], alterations of BcT ◦ (body core temperature) and sleep wake cycle rhythms [16], and other atypical symptoms may occur
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