Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and accumulating evidences suggest a key role of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the pathogenesis of AD. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the imbalance of producing and clearing Aβ is the beginning of neurodegeneration and dementia. Consequently, immunotherapy becomes popular through using antibodies against Aβ. However, many studies of monoclonal antibodies were stopped because adverse effects appeared or there were no evident benefits observed. Some antibody fragments have many advantages over monoclonal antibodies, such as small sizes, lack of the crystallizable fraction (Fc) and so on. There are three main antibody fragments, including single chain variable fragments (scFvs), Fab fragments and single-domain antibody fragments. Nanoparticles can facilitate the entry of drug molecules across the blood-brain barrier, making them become excellent carriers. Various kinds of nanoparticles have been applied in the treatment of AD. The combination of nanoparticles and antibody fragments against amyloid-β can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we summarize the progress of antibody fragments against amyloid-β in AD, focusing on the combined application with nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia (Holmes and Amin, 2020)
of the important pathological characteristics of AD is the extracellular aggregation of amyloid plaques
Aβ plays a key role in the development of AD
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia (Holmes and Amin, 2020). Aβ is accumulated because it is overproduced or there is deficiency in elimination (Uddin et al, 2020). Bapineuzumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Aβ, which was terminated in phase 3 clinical trials (Loureiro et al, 2020). Many second generation of anti-amyloid mAbs have been studied and undergone clinical trials. Lots of clinical trials were terminated because results were not successful (Tian Hui Kwan et al, 2020). These monoclonal antibodies that entered phase 3 clinical trials mainly include Crenezumab, Solanezumab, Gantenerumab and Aducanumab (Tian Hui Kwan et al, 2020)
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