Abstract
The implementation of nanomedicine not only provides enhanced drug solubility and reduced off-target adverse effects, but also offers novel theranostic approaches in clinical practice. The increasing number of studies on the application of nanomaterials in kidney therapies has provided hope in a more efficient strategy for the treatment of renal diseases. The combination of biotechnology, material science and nanotechnology has rapidly gained momentum in the realm of therapeutic medicine. The establishment of the bedrock of this emerging field has been initiated and an exponential progress is observed which might significantly improve the quality of human life. In this context, several approaches based on nanomaterials have been applied in the treatment and regeneration of renal tissue. The presented review article in detail describes novel strategies for renal failure treatment with the use of various nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes, nanofibrous membranes), mesenchymal stem cells-derived nanovesicles, and nanomaterial-based adsorbents and membranes that are used in wearable blood purification systems and synthetic kidneys.
Highlights
Presented review focuses on the implementation of advanced nanomaterials for kidney failure treatment and regeneration, including nanomaterial-based adsorbents and membranes that are used in wearable blood purification systems and synthetic kidneys
endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)-derived exosomes can protect the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury through tubular cells and peritubular capillaries, providing an additional way to prevent the decline in capillary density in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis
The simultaneous application of regenerative medicine and nanotechnology can be an ideal approach in tissue regeneration, since the current studies show that novel emergent techniques can entirely regenerate damaged tissues
Summary
First described in 1988, is an interdisciplinary field which uses the principles of both medical sciences and engineering of biomaterials in developing biological alternatives that may replace, restore, and preserve the organ function [7,8] It is generally based on three important constituents: cells, scaffolds and signaling molecules that enhance cell growth [9]. The controlled specifications of synthetic polymer nanomaterials have enabled them to be used in specific conditions [8,28] They possess a broad range of physicochemical and mechanical properties in the context of degradation rate, elastic modulus and tensile strength [29]. Presented review focuses on the implementation of advanced nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, cells-derived nanovesicles) for kidney failure treatment and regeneration, including nanomaterial-based adsorbents and membranes that are used in wearable blood purification systems and synthetic kidneys
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