Abstract
The O2−, O22− and O2− ions which are formed in the presence of Li, K and Cs have been studied by means of XPS and UPS and characterized through the multiplet structures of their valence-band spectra. It has been shown that the binding energies of the electronic levels of these species are consistent with a point-charge model since (i) within experimental errors, core-valence energy separations are independent of the environment and (ii) the experimental values are close to the free-ion values. This work thus opens a new way to identify oxygen species in the presence of alkali metals.
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