Abstract
The Modular Particle‐Continuum (MPC) method is used to simulate partially‐rarefied, hypersonic flow over a sting‐mounted planetary probe configuration. This hybrid method uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve the Navier‐Stokes equations in regions that are continuum, while using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) in portions of the flow that are rarefied. The MPC method uses state‐based coupling to pass information between the two flow solvers and decouples both time‐step and mesh densities required by each solver. It is parallelized for distributed memory systems using dynamic domain decomposition and internal energy modes can be consistently modeled to be out of equilibrium with the translational mode in both solvers. The MPC results are compared to both full DSMC and CFD predictions and available experimental measurements. By using DSMC in only regions where the flow is nonequilibrium, the MPC method is able to reproduce full DSMC results down to the level of velocity and rotational energy probability density functions while requiring a fraction of the computational time.
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