Application of a Granular Mineral-Based Hemostatic Agent (QuikClot) to Reduce Blood Loss After Grade V Liver Injury in Swine

Abstract

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a leading cause of death in cases of trauma. Many products currently are under development to control traumatic bleeding. One such Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved product is QuikClot. This study determined the efficacy of QuikClot, a hemostatic agent, in reducing blood loss and mortality in a standardized model of severe liver injury as well as the consequences of its use. Swine received either QuikClot or gauze treatment after induction of grade V liver injuries. Hemostasis, blood loss, resuscitation volume, 60-minute survival, and peak tissue temperatures were measured. Hemostasis was improved with QuikClot (p < 0.05), and resuscitation volume was consequently reduced (p < 0.05). Posttreatment blood loss was reduced (p < 0.01) with QuikClot (1,397 mL), as compared with gauze (5,338 mL). The survival rate was seven of eight in the QuikClot group and one of eight in the gauze group (p < 0.01). Peak temperature at the tissue interface was increased (p < 0.01) with QuikClot (93.3 +/- 10.5 degrees C), as compared with gauze (37.5 +/- 6.5 degrees C). QuikClot use was associated with both macro- and microscopic tissue damage caused by the exothermic reaction. QuikClot provides hemostasis and decreased mortality in this model of severe liver injury. The beneficial aspects of QuikClot treatment must, however, be balanced against the tissue-damaging effects of the exothermic reaction.