Abstract
A combined three-stage system, (1) coagulation (2) zeocarbon filtration and (3) membrane filtration, a combination of microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), was investigated for reclamation of tunnel construction wastewater having a salinity of 10.8–12.9‰ and a concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the range of 264–1084 mg/L. The initial stages – coagulation, zeocarbon filtration and MF – served as a precursor to RO membrane filtration to successfully reduce water contaminants to less than 0.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) of turbidity, thereby minimizing the potential for fouling. The RO system subsequently removed over 99% of remaining pollutants including ionic substances, resulting in less than 0.02 NTU turbidity, less than 0.04 mg/L total nitrogen (TN) and less than 0.01 mg/L total phosphorus (TP). Also, addition of an RO system markedly reduced high salt concentrations (high chloride (Cl−) concentrations) in the wastewater, exceeding 99% salt elimination. Thus, reclaimed water from our combined system met and exceeded currently regulatory quality standards for wastewater reuse (turbidity ≤ 2.0 NTU; TN ≤ 10 mg/L; TP ≤ 0.5 mg/L; Cl− ≤ 250 mg/L).
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