Application of 2D acoustic frequency‐domain full‐waveform inversion to OBC wide‐aperture data from the Valhall field

Abstract

We present an application of 2D acoustic frequency‐domain Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) to the hydrophone component of 4‐C ocean bottom cable (OBC) data recorded from the Valhall field in North sea. The starting model for FWI was built by reflection traveltime tomography (RTT). Although this starting model leads to flat common‐image gathers (CIGs), it does not allow us to match first‐arrival traveltimes of diving waves from above the gas layers. This mismatch between vertical and horizontal velocities is likely the footprint of anisotropy. We updated the RTT model by first‐arrival traveltime tomography (FATT) to build a new starting model for FWI. The velocities above the gas layers of the updated model are significantly higher than velocities from in‐well seismic (VSP) data. FWI models were computed from the two starting models just mentioned. More stable results were obtained with the starting model updated by FATT. The resulting FWI model shows a reasonable agreement with a former model developed by 3D FWI. A reasonable match of both short‐aperture and wide‐ aperture components of the data was obtained by isotropic FWI. This might indicate that layer‐induced anisotropy was created by FWI in the gas layers to balance the increase of the shallow velocities created by the inversion of the wide‐aperture data components.