APPENDICES – MATHEMATICAL REVIEW

Abstract

SETS AND MAPPINGS A set can be regarded as a collection of objects viewed as a single entity. The objects in the collection are called elements or points of the set. If a is an element of set A we write a ∈ A ; a ∉ A denotes that a is not an element of set A . A set can be defined by listing its elements, A = {1,2,3}, or by stating a common property of its elements; A = { x:x has property P } denotes the set consisting of all objects x that have property P . When two sets A and B have identical elements they are equal , A = B: A ≠ B then denotes that the elements of A and B are not completely identical with each other. A set B is a subset of the set A , denoted B ⊂ A , if for all b ∈ B , b ∈ A . Thus, a set is also defined to be a subset of itself. When B ⊂ A and B ≠ A, B is a proper subset of A . Clearly, A = B if, and only if, A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A . The set which contains no elements is called the null or empty set , denoted o. The null set is a subset of every set. A set can have other sets as its elements. For example, we can consider a set X = { A, B, C } whose elements A, B, C are themselves sets. Here we call X a family of subsets.