Abstract
Cell death by apoptosis is characterized by specific biochemical changes, including the exposure of multiple ligands, expected to tag the dying cell for prompt recognition by phagocytes. In non-pathological conditions, an efficient clearance is assured by the redundant interaction between apoptotic cell ligands and multiple receptor molecules present on the engulfing cell surface. This review concentrates on the molecular interactions operating in mammalian and non-mammalian systems for apoptotic cell recognition, as well as on the consequences of their signaling. Furthermore, some cellular models where the exposure of the phosphatidylserine (PS) phospholipid, a classical hallmark of the apoptotic phenotype, is not followed by cell death will be discussed.
Highlights
Programmed cell death (PCD), as part of the normal cell physiology as are proliferation and differentiation, has been recognized for more than three decades
Sis is a morphological phenotype of PCD characterized by rapid condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin, resulting in DNA fragmentation and membrane blebbing followed by fragmentation of the cells in apoptotic bodies, constituted by condensed cytoplasm, nuclear material and/or whole organelles surrounded by intact plasma membrane
We have shown that the antiPSR specific monoclonal antibody inhibits the interaction between the amastigote form of L. amazonensis and its only host cell within vertebrates, the macrophage; the majority of amastigote population displays PS on the outer leaflet of its plasma membrane and the consequences of signaling by this phospholipid are exacerbation of infection and upregulation of the production by infected macrophages of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor -β1 (TGF-β1) and IL-10 (Balanco, Moreira et al 2001)
Summary
Programmed cell death (PCD), as part of the normal cell physiology as are proliferation and differentiation, has been recognized for more than three decades. Moreira E-mail: mariacm@inca.gov.br ogy has made possible the characterization of the modulating genes, the signaling molecules and the cellular and molecular responses that together play fundamental roles in the recognition of the dying cell and its clearance by phagocytes.
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