Apoptotic Caspases Suppress Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses in HPV31+ Cells That Are Associated with Activation of an Innate Immune Response

Abstract

Avoidance of an immune response is critical to completion of the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle, which occurs in the stratified epithelium and is linked to epithelial differentiation. We previously demonstrated that high-risk HPVs use apoptotic caspases to suppress an antiviral innate immune response during the productive phase of the life cycle. We found that caspase-8 and caspase-3 suppress a type I IFN-β and type III IFN-λ response by disabling the MDA5/MAVS double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensing pathway, indicating that immunogenic RNAs increase upon differentiation in HPV+ cells. In this study, we demonstrate that caspase inhibition results in aberrant transcription of a subset of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that have been shown to activate an IFN response through dsRNA-sensing pathways. We show that the increase in ERV transcription is accompanied by an enrichment in dsRNA formation. Additionally, we demonstrate that the robust increase in ERV expression requires activation of the JAK/STAT-signaling pathway, indicating that this subset of ERVs is IFN-inducible. Overall, these results suggest a model by which caspase activity blocks the reactivation of ERVs through the JAK/STAT pathway, protecting HPV+ cells from an increase in immunogenic dsRNAs that otherwise would trigger an IFN response that inhibits productive viral replication.