Abstract
Simple SummaryEosinophil granulocytes (eosinophils) belong to the family of white blood cells that play important roles in the development of asthma and various types of allergy. Eosinophils are cells with a diameter of 12–17 µm and they originate from myeloid precursors. They were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 in the process of staining fixed blood smears with aniline dyes. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the process by which cells lose their functionality. Therefore, it is very important to study the apoptosis of eosinophils and their survival factors to understand how to develop new drugs based on the modulation of eosinophil apoptosis for the treatment of asthma and allergic diseases.In the past 10 years, the number of people in the Czech Republic with allergies has doubled to over three million. Allergic pollen catarrh, constitutional dermatitis and asthma are the allergic disorders most often diagnosed. Genuine food allergies today affect 6–8% of nursing infants, 3–5% of small children, and 2–4% of adults. These disorders are connected with eosinophil granulocytes and their apoptosis. Eosinophil granulocytes are postmitotic leukocytes containing a number of histotoxic substances that contribute to the initiation and continuation of allergic inflammatory reactions. Eosinophilia results from the disruption of the standard half-life of eosinophils by the expression of mechanisms that block the apoptosis of eosinophils, leading to the development of chronic inflammation. Glucocorticoids are used as a strong acting anti-inflammatory medicine in the treatment of hypereosinophilia. The removal of eosinophils by the mechanism of apoptosis is the effect of this process. This work sums up the contemporary knowledge concerning the apoptosis of eosinophils, its role in the aforementioned disorders, and the indications for the use of glucocorticoids in their related therapies.
Highlights
Eosinophils play a key role in fighting large multicellular pathogens, such as nematode parasites. eosinophils are capable of bactericidal phagocytosis in vitro, it is not possible to effectively prevent bacterial infection in vivo if the function of neutrophils is reduced, such as in the case of pharmaceutically-induced neutropenia or leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome [1]
Eosinophils obtained through bronchoalveolar lavage of a sensitized mouse after stimulation by an aerosol allergen expressed Fas antigen, a cell surface receptor molecule, and were sensitive to apoptosis triggered by Fas
Even more important is the inhalation of anti-Fas monoclonal antibodies after the induction of lung eosinophilia as a result of the increase of peroxidase-positive macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage and a significant decrease in the number of eosinophils in the respiratory tract, which was related to the resolution of eosinophilic inflammation
Summary
Eosinophils play a key role in fighting large multicellular pathogens, such as nematode parasites. Biology 2020, 9, 457 and metabolically active cells with a wide variety of functional capabilities that could contribute to a number of important immune defense mechanisms. From this point of view, eosinophils appear to be more similar to macrophages than to neutrophils [3]. It is clear that eosinophils have a significant influence on the potential for tissue injury This supports the opinion that eosinophils are strong inflammatory cells which, depending on the situation, are just as capable of damaging as they are of protecting their host. This data suggests that an elevation of the number of eosinophils could indicate an improvement of this disease [7]
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