Apoptosis in oral erythema multiforme

Abstract

Objective. Cell death was evaluated in oral erythema multiforme to test the hypothesis that apoptosis may be a mechanism by which keratinocytes die in this condition. Study design. Ten erythema multiforme and five control oral mucosa biopsy specimens were evaluated in immunohistochemically stained sections for apoptosis-regulating proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, p53, Fas, and Fas-ligand. Apoptotic keratinocytes, determined by a detection method for DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) and by conventional morphologic criteria were counted per high power field. Results. Keratinocyte staining for Bcl-2 protein was comparable in erythema multiforme and controls. Bcl-x expression was reduced in five erythema multiforme cases. Staining for Bax protein differed in six erythema multiforme cases and showed variable intensity in layers under the parakeratin. Only slight differences in staining patterns of Fas and Fas-ligand proteins were noted between erythema multiforme and controls. The number of apoptotic keratinocytes evaluated by morphologic examination was significantly higher in erythema multiforme (mean per high power field, 0.90 ± 0.2; controls, 0.06 ± 0.04; p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test) and was limited in significance by the TUNEL method (erythema multiforme, 0.43 ± 0.1; controls, 0.02 ± 0.02). Overexpression of p53 protein was seen in basal keratinocytes in five erythema multiforme specimens (mean, 17.5 ± 4.03 per high power field; controls 1.2 ± 0.3). Conclusions. There is evidence that cell death in erythema multiforme is at least in part due to apoptosis. The apoptotic mechanism may be related to an altered expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins. Although measurable alterations in the phenotypic expression of Fas and Fas-ligand proteins were not apparent, activation of Fas/Fas-ligand system could still be involved in the induction of apoptosis in erythema multiforme.