Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Pyroptosis: Immune Escape Strategies for Persistent Infection and Pathogenesis of Classical Swine Fever Virus.

Sheng-Ming Ma,Ming-Qiu Zhao,Lin Yi,Jin-Ding Chen,Qian Mao

doi:10.3390/pathogens8040239

Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe acute infectious disease that results from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection, which leads to serious economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. In recent years, numerous studies related to the immune escape mechanism of the persistent infection and pathogenesis of CSFV have been performed. Remarkably, several independent groups have reported that apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis play a significant role in the occurrence and development of CSF, as well as in the immunological process. Apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are the fundamental biological processes that maintain normal homeostatic and metabolic function in eukaryotic organisms. In general, these three cellular biological processes are always understood as an immune defense response initiated by the organism after perceiving a pathogen infection. Nevertheless, several viruses, including CSFV and other common pathogens such as hepatitis C and influenza A, have evolved strategies for infection and replication using these three cellular biological process mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the known roles of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in CSFV infection and how viruses manipulate these three cellular biological processes to evade the immune response.

Highlights

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a serious porcine disease driven by the CSF virus (CSFV) that results in fever, leukopenia, abortion, hemorrhage, and high mortality: it has brought substantial economic losses to the world pig industry and has been classified as a class A infectious disease by theWorld Organization for Animal Health (OIE) [1,2]
Autophagy, and pyroptosis are the fundamental biological processes that maintain normal homeostatic and metabolic function in eukaryotic organisms, and they play an important role in antiviral immunity [23,24,25,26,27,28,29]
We discussed the molecular mechanisms of these three cellular biological processes and their prominent role in the pathogenesis of classical swine fever virus (CSFV)

Summary

Introduction

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a serious porcine disease driven by the CSF virus (CSFV) that results in fever, leukopenia, abortion, hemorrhage, and high mortality: it has brought substantial economic losses to the world pig industry and has been classified as a class A infectious disease by the. In order to achieve persistent infection, viruses have evolved a variety of mechanisms to regulate cellular biological processes, thereby affecting the host inflammatory response and even cell survival, avoiding the host antiviral immune response [19,20,21,22]. Different from other forms of cell death in morphology and mechanics, pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of cell death regulated by the inflammasome and caspase-1 activation [29] All of these three cellular biological processes are an important part of the process of growth and development and tissue remodeling and immune regulation, and they play an important and complex role in the immune response to virus infection [23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. We summarize the known molecular mechanisms through which CSFV induces apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis and the association of these three cellular biological processes with the pathogenesis of CSFV

Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of CSFV

Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of CSFV

Cross-Talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy in CSFV Pathogenesis

Pyroptosis in the Pathogenesis of CSFV

Conclusions and Future Directions