Apolipoprotein C-I Binds More Strongly to Phospholipid/Triolein/Water than Triolein/Water Interfaces: A Possible Model for Inhibiting Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Activity and Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoprotein Uptake

Abstract

Apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) is an important constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is involved in the accumulation of cholesterol ester in nascent HDL via inhibition of cholesterol ester transfer protein and potential activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As the smallest exchangeable apolipoprotein (57 residues), apoC-I transfers between lipoproteins via a lipid-binding motif of two amphipathic α-helices (AαHs), spanning residues 7-29 and 38-52. To understand apoC-I's behavior at hydrophobic lipoprotein surfaces, oil drop tensiometry was used to compare the binding to triolein/water (TO/W) and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine/triolein/water (POPC/TO/W) interfaces. When apoC-I binds to either interface, the surface tension (γ) decreases by ~16-18 mN/m. ApoC-I can be exchanged at both interfaces, desorbing upon compression and readsorbing on expansion. The maximal surface pressures at which apoC-I begins to desorb (Π(max)) were 16.8 and 20.7 mN/m at TO/W and POPC/TO/W interfaces, respectively. This suggests that apoC-I interacts with POPC to increase its affinity for the interface. ApoC-I is more elastic on POPC/TO/W than TO/W interfaces, marked by higher values of the elasticity modulus (ε) on oscillations. At POPC/TO/W interfaces containing an increasing POPC:TO ratio, the pressure at which apoC-I begins to be ejected increases as the phospholipid surface concentration increases. The observed increase in apoC-I interface affinity due to higher degrees of apoC-I-POPC interactions may explain how apoC-I can displace larger apolipoproteins, such as apoE, from lipoproteins. These interactions allow apoC-I to remain bound to the interface at higher Π values, offering insight into apoC-I's rearrangement on triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins as they undergo Π changes during lipoprotein maturation by plasma factors such as lipoprotein lipase.