Apoceruloplasmin: Abundance, Detection, Formation, and Metabolism.

Maria C. Linder

doi:10.3390/biomedicines9030233

Abstract

Ceruloplasmin, the main copper-binding protein in blood and some other fluids, is well known for its copper-dependent enzymatic functions and as a source of copper for cells. What is generally unknown or ignored is that, at least in the case of blood plasma and serum, about half of ceruloplasmin is in the apo (copper-free) form. This has led to some misconceptions about the amounts and variations of other copper-binding proteins and so-called “free copper” in the blood that might be indicators of disease states. What is known about the levels, sources, and metabolism of apo versus holo ceruloplasmin and the problems associated with measurements of the two forms is reviewed here.

Highlights

Ceruloplasmin is a major blood plasma protein, found in some other mammalian body fluids, including cerebrospinal and amniotic fluids, and milk [1,2]
This review examines the accumulated evidence that apoceruloplasmin is a major sociated measurementsinofmammalian the amounts of apo and holo forms of problems this protein that portion of with total ceruloplasmin blood plasma, and discusses associated with measurements of the amounts of apo and holo forms of this protein that need to be addressed and might lead to new conceptions about the potential functions and metabolism of the apoprotein in health and disease
Much remains to be explored, the best evidence available at this time suggests that levels of apoceruloplasmin in the blood plasma and serum of humans and rodents are close to half of the total ceruloplasmin protein present

Summary

Introduction

Ceruloplasmin is a major blood plasma protein, found in some other mammalian body fluids, including cerebrospinal and amniotic fluids, and milk [1,2]. This figure was included to further illustrate which it comes investigated how mutations in the copper transporter (ATP7B) of LEC rats and the resultant inflammation there are many copper binding components other than ceruloplasmin in the blood plasma. This review examines the accumulated evidence that apoceruloplasmin is a major sociated measurementsinofmammalian the amounts of apo and holo forms of problems this protein that portion of with total ceruloplasmin blood plasma, and discusses associated with measurements of the amounts of apo and holo forms of this protein that need to be addressed and might lead to new conceptions about the potential functions and metabolism of the apoprotein in health and disease

Evidence for the Presence and Amounts of Apoceruloplasmin in the Blood Plasma

Native

Reprinted with permission from

What Determines the Levels of Apoceruloplasmin in Blood Fluid

Findings

Summary and Conclusions