Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin as the causative agents of a red alga Gracilaria coronopifolia poisoning in hawaii

Abstract

The causative toxins of a red alga Gracilaria coronopifolia poisonings in Hawaii, which broke out in succession in September of 1994, were studied. Two major toxins were isolated from both extracts of the two original algal samples which caused separate poisonings. By spectroscopic method, these toxins were shown to be completely identical with aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin which have previously been obtained from the sea hare and also from blue-green algae. The human symptoms and the amount of these toxins in the original algal samples indicate that aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin were the causative agents of the human poisoning incidents. This is the first reported case of the implication of aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin in food poisoning. The existence of these toxins in the residue of algae washed in saline was confirmed by HPLC analysis. Furthermore, we observed blue-green algal parasitism on the surface of the toxic G. coronopifolia. Therefore, epiphytic organisms such as blue-green algae might be the true origin of the toxins in G. coronopifolia.