Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by FMD virus (FMDV). FMD outbreaks have occurred in livestock-containing regions worldwide. Apigenin, which is a flavonoid naturally existing in plant, possesses various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and antiviral activities. Results show that apigenin can inhibit FMDV-mediated cytopathogenic effect and FMDV replication in vitro. Further studies demonstrate the following: (i) apigenin inhibits FMDV infection at the viral post-entry stage; (ii) apigenin does not exhibit direct extracellular virucidal activity; and (iii) apigenin interferes with the translational activity of FMDV driven by internal ribosome entry site. Studies on applying apigein in vivo are required for drug development and further identification of potential drug targets against FDMV infection.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals, which is highly contagious and clinically acute
An infection assay in BHK-21 cells was conducted through cytopathic effect (CPE) observation and virus titer determination to assess the effects of seven flavonoids i.e., apigenin, chrysin, baicalein, liquiritigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, and galangin on FMD virus (FMDV) replication and infection
Apigenin was added at specific concentrations at 12 hpi, and cells and cultural supernatants were harvested at another 12 hpi. (B) CPE images were obtained at 24 hpi; (C) Viral titers; (D,E) Apigenin inhibited FMDV intracellular replication
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals, which is highly contagious and clinically acute. An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element has been identified in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the FMDV genome [5,6]. FMD control measures include animal movement restriction, infected animals slaughter, disinfection and vaccination program development [1]. Both the conventional inactivated vaccine and the Ad5-vector FMDV subunit vaccine can induce complete protection for seven days [12,13,14]. Some antiviral drugs that target viral proteins, such as LprO, have been developed to treat FMD [20,21,22]. This study, investigates the antiviral effect of apigenin on FMDV infection in vitro and further explores apigenin inhibits the FMDV infection through suppressing the FMDV IRES activity
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