Apigenin loaded phospholipid based nanoemulsion in therapeutics of Parkinson's disease via attenuation of oxidative stress and upregulation of dopamine

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder it is linked with the oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to develop, optimizes and evaluate the antiparkinson effects of apigenin loaded phospholipid based nanoemulsion via attenuation of oxidative stress and upregulation of dopamine. Apigenin (AP) is a flavone enriched in fruits and vegetables, which possess numerous therapeutic actions including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities. The antioxidant action was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay, which founds high scavenging efficiency for apigenin loaded phospholipid based nanoemulsion as compared to pure apigenin. The pharmacokinetic parameters and Dopamine concentration were also determined. The said formulation delivers higher concentration of apigenin to brain via nasal route. Whereas the Biochemical estimation evaluation showed that higher levels of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione, superoxide dismutase and lower level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in treated group of rats after receiving of said formulation via intranasal route over haloperidol-induced Parkinson's disease group (control). The intranasal administration of said formulation founds brain: blood ratio of 3.01 > 0.097 in 1 h over apigenin solution respectively. Furthermore, it showed direct nose to brain delivery of drug by passing blood brain barrier. Apart from this, the pharmacokinetics of intranasally administered apigenin loaded phospholipid based nanoemulsion showed significantly higher dopamine concentration (19.21 ± 2.06 ng/mL) over haloperidol treated rats (7.21 ± 1.06ng/mL). The apigenin loaded phospholipid nanoemulsion might play an important role in the effective management of parkinsons in the near future.