Abstract
Apigenin is a naturally occurring compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of apigenin on migration and metastasis in experimental human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Apigenin dose-dependently inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion by PLC and Bel-7402 human HCC cells. It also suppressed tumor growth in PLC cell xenografts without altering body weight, thereby prolonging survival. Apigenin reduced Snai1 and NF-κB expression, reversed increases in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker levels, increased cellular adhesion, regulated actin polymerization and cell migration, and inhibited invasion and migration by HCC cells. Apigenin may therefore inhibit EMT by inhibiting the NF-κB/Snail pathway in human HCC.
Highlights
Apigenin (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone, 5, 7-dihydroxy2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a naturally occurring plant flavone present in many fruits, vegetables and herbs, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects [1]
We investigated the effects of apigenin on migration and metastasis in experimental human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo
Using an MTT assay, we determined the effect of 48 h treatment with apigenin on cell viability in various cancer cell lines
Summary
Apigenin (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone, 5, 7-dihydroxy2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a naturally occurring plant flavone present in many fruits, vegetables and herbs, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects [1]. Apigenin has been utilized as a traditional medicine. Several studies have shown that apigenin inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis [4,5,6,7]. Apigenin inhibits hepatoma cell growth by altering gene expression patterns [8] and inducing cancer cell apoptosis. Many standard therapies and targeted agents have been developed, tumor recurrence and metastasis remain common in liver cancer. No single medicine can effectively treat human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and intrahepatic and lung metastases readily develop due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process supporting tumor metastasis. We investigated the effects of apigenin on EMT. Our findings demonstrate that apigenin reverses EMT via a NF-κB/Snail pathway in human liver cancer
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