Abstract
Lists of aphids and associated ants and parasites recognized in Iraq in 1968 are given. On this base, some factors affecting the relationship are reviewed and documented. The attendance-range of ants and relation of parasites were found to be influenced by distribution, microhabitat, honeydew, shape of aphid colony and host range of parasites. Aphids, attending-ants and parasites associated withQuercus sp. are used as a demonstration.
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