Abstract
Background: Acceptance has become one of the most widely studied processes regarding chronic pain because of its ability to influence participants' adaptation and coping responses. Leading researchers have found relationships between variables such as anxiety, reinforcement sensitivity, and the responses of the participants' environment to their behavior and acceptance. In contrast, few studies have been found that investigate the variables that predict the acceptance of pain. This study has set out to explore the relationships between pain-related anxiety, sensitivity to contingencies, and the punishment responses of significant people toward pain behaviors regarding pain acceptance.Methods: With a view to fulfilling this purpose, a cohort of 62 participants with rheumatoid arthritis was chosen, and the subjects were assessed through the following self-report measures: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, CPAQ; Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, PASS-20; The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, SPSRQ, and The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, WHYMPI. The study's initial objectives were achieved by means of a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.Results: The linear regression analyses revealed a negative and significant correlation between anxiety, reinforcement sensitivity, and the significant persons' responses to pain behaviors and pain acceptance.Conclusion: The results suggest that the identification of these variables might be important for addressing these participants' pain. Finally, the discussion focuses on our findings' implications as regards their use in clinical practice.
Highlights
Chronic pain has latterly become an increasingly serious health issue, as reflected by the new steps taken by the World Health Organization, which has classified this experience as a major illness [1]
We find solid evidence to show how clinical interventions based on the acceptance of pain, such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) [27] or mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) [28], are more effective than processes already in place [29,30,31,32,33,34]
The data available have shown that acceptance is a highly important variable in chronic pain, both at theoretical level and in the field of applied clinical treatment; we have found very few studies that have addressed the psychological variables that might predict higher levels of Abbreviations: ACT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; AMAPAR, Association of Participants with Rheumatoid Arthritis; anxiety sensitivity (AS), Anxiety Sensitivity; BAS, Behavioral Approach/Activation System; BIS, Behavioral Inhibition System; CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; CPAQ, Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; MBIs, Mindfulness-based interventions; PASS-20, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale; sensitivity to punishment (SP), Sensitivity to punishment; SPSRQ, The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire; sensitivity to reward (STR), Sensitivity to reward; WHO, World Health Organization; WHYMPI, The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory
Summary
Chronic pain has latterly become an increasingly serious health issue, as reflected by the new steps taken by the World Health Organization, which has classified this experience as a major illness [1]. The second component of involvement refers to a subject’s commitment to tailor their behavior according to their values and continue with their everyday activities despite the pain Based on this conceptualization as our reference framework, we have found numerous studies that relate the acceptance of pain to more adaptive coping, being associated with a lower emotional, physical, and social function [11, 13, 18,19,20,21,22], a lower level of reported pain [23,24,25], less disability [26], and a reduced use of medication [12]. This study has set out to explore the relationships between pain-related anxiety, sensitivity to contingencies, and the punishment responses of significant people toward pain behaviors regarding pain acceptance
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