Abstract
Bioactive compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are gradually becoming an effective alternative in the control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) because most of the commercially available PRRSV vaccines cannot provide full protection against the genetically diverse strains isolated from farms. Besides, the incomplete attenuation procedure involved in the production of modified live vaccines (MLV) may cause them to revert to the more virulence forms. TCMs have shown some promising potentials in bridging this gap. Several investigations have revealed that herbal extracts from TCMs contain molecules with significant antiviral activities against the various stages of the life cycle of PRRSV, and they do this through different mechanisms. They either block PRRSV attachment and entry into cells or inhibits the replication of viral RNA or viral particles assembly and release or act as immunomodulators and pathogenic pathway inhibitors through cytokines regulations. Here, we summarized the various antiviral strategies employed by some TCMs against the different stages of the life cycle of PRRSV under two major classes, including direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and indirect-acting antivirals (IAAs). We highlighted their mechanisms of action. In conclusion, we recommended that in making plans for the use of TCMs to control PRRSV, the pathway forward must be built on a real understanding of the mechanisms by which bioactive compounds exert their effects. This will provide a template that will guide the focus of collaborative studies among researchers in the areas of bioinformatics, chemistry, and proteomics. Furthermore, available data and procedures to support the efficacy, safety, and quality control levels of TCMs should be well documented without any breach of data integrity and good manufacturing practices.
Highlights
The pathogen; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as well as other members, for example, Equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), belong to the large family of Arteriviridae, which is made up of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses (Lunney et al, 2016)
A virustatic and virucidal study was conducted to investigate its effect on the replication stage of PRRSV; the results demonstrated that its ethanol extracts had both virustatic and virucidal effects on the replication stage of PRRSV
Flavaspidic acid AB (FA-AB) belongs to the family of phloroglucinol according to its chemical structure, which is isolated from Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai and possesses anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-tumor (Kapadia et al, 1996; Mathekga et al, 2000; Lee et al, 2003; Gupta et al, 2010; Vo and Kim, 2010)
Summary
The pathogen; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as well as other members, for example, EAV, LDV, and SHFV, belong to the large family of Arteriviridae, which is made up of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses (Lunney et al, 2016). It suppresses the function of ORF1 Decreases the transcription and translation levels of the PRRSV N protein with the help of imported extracellular Zn2+ Progeny reduction, diminished viral protein expression, and reduced synthesis of genomic RNA, and sg mRNA Inhibits the interaction between Nsp9, and promoter p107
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