Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), an enveloped DNA virus, plays a key role in varieties of diseases including recurrent cold sores, keratoconjunctivitis, genital herpes and encephalitis in humans. Great efforts have been made in developing more effective and less side-effects anti-herpes simplex virus agents, including traditional Chinese herbal medicines. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of Rheum tanguticum nanoparticles against HSV-1 in vitro and in vivo. R. tanguticum nanoparticles could inactivate the HSV-1 virions and block the viral attachment and entry into cells. Time-of-addition assay indicated that R. tanguticum nanoparticles could interfere with the entire phase of viral replication. Besides, R. tanguticum nanoparticles showed the ability to inhibit the mRNA expression of HSV-1 immediate early gene ICP4 and early gene ICP8 as well as the expression of viral protein ICP4 and ICP8. Moreover, R. tanguticum nanoparticles have been proved to protect mice against HSV-1 induced lethality by decreasing the viral load and alleviated pathological changes in brain tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrated that R. tanguticum nanoparticles could inhibit HSV-1 infection through multiple mechanisms. These results suggest that R. tanguticum nanoparticles may have novel roles in the treatment of HSV-1 infection.
Highlights
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped, linear double-stranded DNA virus which is highly prevalent in most part of the world
The result revealed that the content of the five anthraquinone compounds in R. tanguticum nanoparticles was in accord with the quality standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Commission, 2015)
The morphology and size of R. tanguticum nanoparticles were characterized by using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques
Summary
HSV-1 is an enveloped, linear double-stranded DNA virus which is highly prevalent in most part of the world. 50–90% of the world’s population is seropositive for this virus (Smith and Robinson, 2002; Fatahzadeh and Schwartz, 2007). Diseases caused by herpes simplex virus include cold sores, keratoconjunctivitis, genital herpes and encephalitis (Fatahzadeh and Schwartz, 2007; Burcea et al, 2015; Sauerbrei, 2016). Treatments currently directed against HSV infections are nucleoside analogs such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir, and famciclovir that target viral DNA polymerase (Vadlapudi et al, 2013). Extensive use of these drugs has led to clinical problems with the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains, in immunocompromised patients (Jiang et al, 2016). The discovery of new drugs to treat HSV infection has become an important goal of drug development
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