Antiviral Effects of Lindera obtusiloba Leaf Extract on Murine Norovirus-1 (MNV-1), a Human Norovirus Surrogate, and Potential Application to Model Foods.

Moon Jung Song,Diana Solis-Sanchez,Bomi Kim,Jia Kim,Soyoung Lee,Ye Won Kim,Gwang Pyo Ko,Adriana Rivera-Piza,Sung-Joon Lee,Joo Bong Choi

doi:10.3390/antibiotics9100697

Moon Jung Song, Diana Solis-Sanchez + Show 8 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100697

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Abstract

Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning worldwide. In this study, we investigated the anti-noroviral activity of Lindera obtusiloba leaf extract (LOLE) using murine norovirus (MNV-1), a surrogate of human norovirus. Preincubation of MNV-1 with LOLE at 4, 8, or 12 mg/mL for 1 h at 25 °C significantly reduced viral infectivity, by 51.8%, 64.1%, and 71.2%, respectively. Among LOLE single compounds, β-pinene (49.7%), α-phellandrene (26.2%), and (+)-limonene (17.0%) demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on viral infectivity after pretreatment with MNV-1, suggesting that the anti-noroviral effects of LOLE may be due to the synergetic activity of several compounds, with β-pinene as a key molecule. The inhibitory effect of LOLE was tested on the edible surfaces of lettuce, cabbage, and oysters, as well as on stainless steel. After one hour of incubation at 25°C, LOLE (12 mg/mL) pretreatment significantly reduced MNV-1 plaque formation on lettuce (76.4%), cabbage (60.0%), oyster (38.2%), and stainless-steel (62.8%). These results suggest that LOLE effectively inhibits norovirus on food and metal surfaces. In summary, LOLE, including β-pinene, may inactivate norovirus and could be used as a natural agent promoting food safety and hygiene.

Highlights

Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning worldwide
The results showed no mutagenic effect of Lindera obtusiloba leaf extract (LOLE) in S9+ and S9+
In vitro toxicity assay results suggested that LOLE is an edible herb extract with potential anti-noroviral activity and no significant cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells

Summary

Introduction

Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning worldwide. It is estimated that norovirus infections are responsible for 200,000 deaths annually, including approximately. 70,000 child deaths in developing counties [1,2]. Substantial progress has been made in the prevention of norovirus outbreaks. Gastroenteritis caused by norovirus infection remains the fourth leading cause of morbidity, and the second leading cause of illness, in children under five years of age worldwide [3]. While norovirus infections typically cause mild and self-limiting symptoms lasting. 24–48 h, persistent, chronic infections can cause severe symptoms [4].

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