Abstract
In this study, we investigated aqueous extracts of three edible mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom), Pleurotus columbinus (oyster mushroom), and Pleurotus sajor-caju (grey oyster mushroom). The extracts were biochemically characterized for total carbohydrate, phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin, and protein contents besides amino acid analysis. Triple TOF proteome analysis showed 30.1% similarity between proteomes of the two Pleurotus spp. All three extracts showed promising antiviral activities. While Pleurotus columbinus extract showed potent activity against adenovirus (Ad7, selectivity index (SI) = 4.2), Agaricus bisporus showed strong activity against herpes simplex II (HSV-2; SI = 3.7). The extracts showed low cytotoxicity against normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and moderate cytotoxicity against prostate (PC3, DU-145); colorectal (Colo-205); cecum carcinoma (LS-513); liver carcinoma (HepG2); cervical cancer (HeLa); breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) as well as leukemia (CCRF-CEM); acute monocytic leukemia (THP1); acute promyelocytic leukemia (NB4); and lymphoma (U937) cell lines. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) ABTS radical cation scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The three extracts showed potential antioxidant activities with the maximum activity recorded for Pleurotus columbinus (IC50 µg/mL) = 35.13 ± 3.27 for DPPH, 13.97 ± 4.91 for ABTS, and 29.42 ± 3.21 for ORAC assays.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Mushrooms have been used in traditional ancient therapies since the Neolithic period.Humankind has valued mushrooms as an edible and medicinal food source
According to BLASTn results the mushrooms were identified as Pleurotus columbinus, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Lentinus sajor-caju), and Agaricus bisporus, and the sequences were deposited in GenBank® with accession numbers MZ642245, MZ642259, and MZ642282, respectively
It is worth noting that flavonoids were not detected in the Pleurotus columbinus extract; neither were carbohydrates in the Pleurotus sajor-caju extract
Summary
Mushrooms have been used in traditional ancient therapies since the Neolithic period. Humankind has valued mushrooms as an edible and medicinal food source. Most of the ancient knowledge about medicinal mushrooms has been confirmed and registered by modern science [1]. Current mushrooms with medicinal value are used in various fields such as dietary food, nutritive auxiliary products, and in the medicinal field called “pharmaceuticals of mushrooms” [2]. Remedial mushrooms are similar to “curing plants”
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