Abstract
Mosquito-borne arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as the dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are important human pathogens that are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. The recent emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) highlight the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines, therapeutics, and vector-control approaches to prevent MBVD outbreaks. In nature, arboviruses circulate between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors; therefore, disrupting the virus lifecycle in mosquitoes is a major approach for combating MBVDs. Several strategies were proposed to render mosquitoes that are refractory to arboviral infection, for example, those involving the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes or infection with the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. Due to the recent development of high-throughput screening methods, an increasing number of drugs with inhibitory effects on mosquito-borne arboviruses in mammalian cells were identified. These antivirals are useful resources that can impede the circulation of arboviruses between arthropods and humans by either rendering viruses more vulnerable in humans or suppressing viral infection by reducing the expression of host factors in mosquitoes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in small-molecule antiarboviral drugs in mammalian and mosquito cells, and discuss how to use these antivirals to block the transmission of MBVDs.
Highlights
October Sessions and Eng Eong OoiArthropod-borne viruses are transmitted to humans or other vertebrates by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and flies, and are mainly members of the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families [1]
Diseases caused by arboviruses account for a major portion of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), and 80% of the global population lives in areas in which at least one VBD is endemic [3]
We mainly focus on current knowledge concerning the small-molecule compounds that can block the transmission of mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) between mosquitoes and humans, and the possible anti-arboviral mechanisms of these compounds in mosquitoes
Summary
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans or other vertebrates by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and flies, and are mainly members of the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families [1]. The rapid development of high-throughput screening methods has led to the discovery of a plethora of small-molecule compounds that can inhibit arboviral infection and/or replication in vertebrate cells [16,17,18,19,20,21,22], and a few proved to be effective in mosquito cells. These anti-arboviral compounds can impede the circulation of arboviruses between arthropods and humans by either rendering arboviruses more vulnerable in humans or directly inhibiting viral infection and replication in mosquitoes. We mainly focus on current knowledge concerning the small-molecule compounds that can block the transmission of MBVDs between mosquitoes and humans, and the possible anti-arboviral mechanisms of these compounds in mosquitoes
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