Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) employing the BODIPY-based photosensitizer 2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-4,4′-difluoro-boradiazaindacene (DIMPy-BODIPY) was explored in an in vitro assay against six species of bacteria (eight total strains), three species of yeast, and three viruses as a complementary approach to their current drug-based or non-existent treatments. Our best results achieved a noteworthy 5–6 log unit reduction in CFU at 0.1 μM for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-2913), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC-44), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ATCC-2320), a 4–5 log unit reduction for Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC-19606 (0.25 μM), multidrug resistant A. baumannii ATCC-1605 (0.1 μM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-97 (0.5 μM), and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC-2146 (1 μM), and a 3 log unit reduction for Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 (ATCC-700084). A 5 log unit reduction in CFU was observed for Candida albicans ATCC-90028 (1 μM) and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC-64538 (0.5 μM), and a 3 log unit reduction was noted for Candida glabrata ATCC-15545 (1 μM). Infectivity was reduced by 6 log units in dengue 1 (0.1 μM), by 5 log units (0.5 μM) in vesicular stomatitis virus, and by 2 log units (5 μM) in human adenovirus-5. Overall, the results demonstrate that DIMPy-BODIPY exhibits antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal photodynamic inactivation at nanomolar concentrations and short illumination times.
Highlights
Despite the advent of antibiotics and vaccines, infectious diseases remain the leading worldwide cause of mortality and morbidity [1]
To further investigations into the feasibility of aPDI for future therapeutic use as a complementary approach to drug-based treatments, we explored the extent of in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation employing the DIMPy-BODIPY [26,30] photosensitizer (Figure 1) against eight species of bacteria and three species of yeast that together fall within the five classes of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that are emerging as major public health threats: vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant
We extended our study to include dengue-1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and human adenovirus-5 as model DNA viruses to explore the potential of antiviral PDI [32,33,34,35] using
Summary
Despite the advent of antibiotics and vaccines, infectious diseases remain the leading worldwide cause of mortality and morbidity [1]. A scarcity of effective therapies for many globally important viral infections stresses the need for development of novel approaches for either treatment or prevention of infection One such option, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI), is currently being explored as a potential therapeutic treatment option for various types of infection, whether bacterial, fungal, viral, or even parasitic in nature [3,4,5,6,7]. To further investigations into the feasibility of aPDI for future therapeutic use as a complementary approach to drug-based treatments, we explored the extent of in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation employing the DIMPy-BODIPY [26,30] photosensitizer (Figure 1) against eight species of bacteria and three species of yeast that together fall within the five classes of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that are emerging as major public health threats: vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant. BODIPY-based photosensitizers for non-in vivo surface sterilization or materials applications
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