Abstract
Keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis, are the first site of replication as well as the first line of defense against many viruses such as arboviruses, enteroviruses, herpes viruses, human papillomaviruses, or vaccinia virus. During viral replication, these cells can sense virus associated molecular patterns leading to the initiation of an innate immune response composed of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Human keratinocytes produce and secrete at least nine antimicrobial peptides: human cathelicidin LL-37, types 1–4 human β-defensins, S100 peptides such as psoriasin (S100A7), calprotectin (S100A8/9) and koebnerisin (S100A15), and RNase 7. These peptides can exert direct antiviral effects on the viral particle or its replication cycle, and indirect antiviral activity, by modulating the host immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of human keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides.
Highlights
As the largest organ of human body, skin is a physical barrier but represents the first line of defense against environmental pathogens including viruses (Robert and Kupper, 1999; Ganz, 2002)
The dermis is a more complex conjunctive tissue composed of several specialized cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), CD4 + T helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cells, γδ T cells, macrophages, mast cells, and fibroblasts, which all together play a role in the immune skin barrier
The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about direct antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of human keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides
Summary
As the largest organ of human body, skin is a physical barrier but represents the first line of defense against environmental pathogens including viruses (Robert and Kupper, 1999; Ganz, 2002). Many viruses were shown to stimulate hBD expression and/or secretion in epithelial cells, even though the antiviral activity of these peptides was not always demonstrated (Frohm et al, 1997).
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