Abstract
Spondias mombin L. is used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation and gastrointestinal diseases. Our study investigated the antiulcer activity of S. mombin ethanolic extract (SmEE) and its majority compounds gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA). Phytochemical characterization was performed by HPLC. The SmEE was screened for in vitro antioxidant activities using phosphomolybdenum, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The antiulcer activity of SmEE, GA, EA, or GA + EA was evaluated by gastric lesion models induced by absolute ethanol and indomethacin. Following this, it is capable of stimulating mucus production, antisecretory capacity, and the influence of −SH groups and NO in the effect of SmEE. Its healing activity was demonstrated by acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer model. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was assessed by determining the MIC of the SmEE (64–1024 μg/mL). The HPLC results identified the presence of gallic acid and ellagic acid in SmEE. The extract showed antioxidant activity in vitro. SmEE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) reduced the area of ulcerative lesions induced by ethanol in 23.8, 90.3, and 90.2%, respectively. In NSAID model, the SmEE induced protection of 36.8, 49.4, and 49.9%, respectively. GA (10 mg/kg) or EA (7 mg/kg) or the association of GA + EA (10 + 7 mg/kg) inhibited the ethanol-induced lesions in 71.8, 70.9, and 94.9%, respectively, indicating synergistic action. SmEE (100 mg/kg) decreased acid secretion and H+ concentration in the gastric contents, increased levels of mucus, and showed to be dependent of −SH groups and NO on the protection of the gastric mucosa. In chronic ulcer model, SmEE reduced the gastric area lesion. SmEE showed anti-H. pylori activity. In conclusion, our study showed that SmEE has antiulcerogenic activity. GA and EA are isolated gastric protectors and, when associated, acted synergistically to protect the gastric mucosa.
Highlights
Peptic ulcer is a public health problem with high rate of morbidity and substantial mortality and has become the focus of experimental and clinical investigations, mainly due to its high prevalence in the global population [1]
Considering the use of this species in ethnomedicine, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, our study investigated the antiulcerogenic activity of the Spondias mombin ethanolic extract (SmEE), isolated gallic acid (GA), and ellagic acid (EA) and in association between gallic acid and ellagic acid
Cell proliferation plays an important role in wound healing, and our results suggest that the treatment with SmEE promoted the regeneration of the gastric cells
Summary
Peptic ulcer is a public health problem with high rate of morbidity and substantial mortality and has become the focus of experimental and clinical investigations, mainly due to its high prevalence in the global population [1]. Peptic ulcers are usually aggravated by an imbalance between destructive and defensive factors in the stomach [2]. The endogenous destructive factors in the stomach are HCl, pepsin, biliary reflux, lipid peroxidation, and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the exogenous factors are excessive use of ethanol, indiscriminate use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), stress, smoking, and infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria [3,4,5,6]. The defensive factors are mucus-bicarbonate barrier, mucin secretion, surface phospholipids, prostaglandins (PGs), nitric oxide (NO), mucosal blood flow, cell renewal, growth factors, and antioxidant enzymes [2, 4, 5]. Present in the process of gastric ulceration, increases the formation of ROS that can disrupt epithelial cell integrity. Studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines induce the activation of neutrophils and are strong contributors to the of ulcer damage [8, 9]
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