Abstract
Functions of selenium are diverse as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, increased immunity, reduced cancer incidence, blocking tumor invasion and metastasis, and further clinical application as treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. These functions of selenium are mostly related to oxidation and reduction mechanisms of selenium metabolites. Hydrogen selenide from selenite, and methylselenol (MSeH) from Se-methylselenocyteine (MSeC) and methylseleninicacid (MSeA) are the most reactive metabolites produced reactive oxygen species (ROS); furthermore, these metabolites may involve in oxidizing sulfhydryl groups, including glutathione. Selenite also reacted with glutathione and produces hydrogen selenide via selenodiglutathione (SeDG), which induces cytotoxicity as cell apoptosis, ROS production, DNA damage, and adenosine-methionine methylation in the cellular nucleus. However, a more pronounced effect was shown in the subsequent treatment of sodium selenite with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. High doses of sodium selenite were effective to increase radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and further to reduce radiation side effects and drug resistance. In our study, advanced cancer patients can tolerate until 5000 μg of sodium selenite in combination with radiation and chemotherapy since the half-life of sodium selenite may be relatively short, and, further, selenium may accumulates more in cancer cells than that of normal cells, which may be toxic to the cancer cells. Further clinical studies of high amount sodium selenite are required to treat advanced cancer patients.
Highlights
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals and human, and it has several important functions, such as cancer, antioxidant, increasing immunity, and antiviral activity
Epidemiological studies have been shown that a population with low Se intake and low plasma Se levels have an increased incidence of cancer, including cancer of breast, lung, stomach, bladder, ovaries, pancreas, thyroid, esophagus, head and neck, cerebellum, and melanoma [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]
The hypothesis can apply to sodium selenite and MSeC, which have been implicated as an important factor in aging, antiviral activities, and aging related diseases, especially cancer, and, further, subsequent treatment of high doses of sodium selenite with radiation and chemotherapy has been performed to advanced cancer patients at several Institutions
Summary
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals and human, and it has several important functions, such as cancer, antioxidant, increasing immunity, and antiviral activity. Epidemiological studies have been shown that a population with low Se intake and low plasma Se levels have an increased incidence of cancer, including cancer of breast, lung, stomach, bladder, ovaries, pancreas, thyroid, esophagus, head and neck, cerebellum, and melanoma [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. The hypothesis can apply to sodium selenite and MSeC, which have been implicated as an important factor in aging, antiviral activities, and aging related diseases, especially cancer, and, further, subsequent treatment of high doses of sodium selenite with radiation and chemotherapy has been performed to advanced cancer patients at several Institutions
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