Abstract
Coffee consumption is believed to have chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects and to contribute to preventing the development and progression of cancer. However, there is still controversy around these claims. As indicated in our previous works, diet can influence the risk of breast cancer. Intake of coffee is hypothesized to reduce this risk, but current scientific evidence is not conclusive. This work is aimed at studying the effects of Robusta coffee bean extract on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of different human cancers, especially breast cancer cell lines. To this end, cell viability was evaluated by Alamar Blue in 2D and 3D models, the cell cycle by PI, apoptosis by annexin V, mitochondrial morphology, and functionality by mitoTracker, and colony formation capacity by the clonogenic assay. Green and dark coffee extract significantly reduced viability in human breast, colorectal, brain, and bone cancer cells. Coffee anticancer activity was clearly evidenced in MDA-MB-231 (ER−) and MCF-7 (ER+) breast cancer cells but not in the normal breast cell line. In addition, coffee extract induces an increase S phase and a decrease G2/M population in breast cancer cells, affected the mitochondrial morphology, and triggered apoptosis. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells lost their clonogenic capacity after treatment. The antitumor activity was demonstrated in both 2D and 3D culture cell models.
Highlights
Cancer is currently a major public health problem, and the available therapeutic strategies are not fully effective in several tumor types
The coffee extracts used in this study were obtained by standardized processes by the Brazilian national company of “Pesquisa Agropecuária” from green Coffea canephora beans acquired from coffee producers in Colatina-Espírito Santo, Brazil
We showed that coffee extracts have antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells in 2D and 3D culture models
Summary
Cancer is currently a major public health problem, and the available therapeutic strategies are not fully effective in several tumor types. The American Cancer Society estimates that by 2019, approximately 17,624,50 new cancer cases will be diagnosed, which is equivalent to more than 4,800 new cases every day [1] In addition, there will be approximately 268,600 new female breast carcinoma cases in the United States [2]. Among the different cancer types, breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Breast cancer etiology is considered multifactorial, and it includes interactions between genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, but cancer subtypes are hormone-related. Breast tumors that express the ER (ER+ tumors) are more strongly associated with hormone-related factors than tumors that do not express the ER (ER− tumors)
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