Abstract
The development of novel nanoparticles as a new generation therapeutic drug platform is an active field of chemistry and cancer research. In recent years, fullerene nanoparticles have received extensive attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Properly modified fullerene nanoparticles have excellent biocompatibility and significant anti-tumor activity, which makes them have broad application prospects in the field of cancer therapy. Therefore, understanding the anti-tumor mechanism of fullerene nanoparticles is of great significance for the design and development of anti-tumor drugs with low toxicity and high targeting. This review has focused on various anti-tumor mechanisms of fullerene derivatives and discusses their toxicity and their distribution in organisms. Finally, the review points out some urgent problems that need solution before fullerene derivatives as a new generation of anti-tumor nano-drug platform enter clinical research.
Highlights
The rapid development of nanotechnology provides new prospects for solving the existing limitations in biomedicine
Gd@C82 (OH)22 prevents epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, suggesting that triple-negative breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be effectively eliminated in vivo and in vitro and tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells can be inhibited by this intervention, indicating that non-toxic Gd@C82 (OH)22 selectively targets CSC under hypoxic conditions without targeting normal or normal stem cells (Figure 5) [80]
As breakthroughs have been made in the large-scale production of fullerenes and their derivatives, the application research of fullerenes has made great progress
Summary
The rapid development of nanotechnology provides new prospects for solving the existing limitations in biomedicine. The proven protective effects of water-soluble fullerene derivatives include antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [30], Molecules 2021, 26, 3252 scavenging free radicals [31] and anti-tumor activity [32]. Compared with traditional antitumor drugs, fullerene derivative nanoparticles are non-toxic, it has, including reversal of multidrug resistance (have no cross-resistance with traditional anticancer chemicals), immune activation, angiogenesis suppression, antioxidation, reduction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) production and decrease in blood vessel density and nutrition supply to tumors versatile bioeffects [26,27]. We summarize the various unique antitumor activities of fullerene derivatives and systematically analyze their possible mechanisms from seven aspects, including cellular immunity activation, angiogenesis suppression, free radical scavenging, cell cycle regulation, tumor metastasis inhibition, photodynamic therapy and the antineoplastic drug delivery carriers
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