Abstract
Olive oil polar lipid (OOPL) extract has been reported to inhibit atherosclerosis development on rabbits. Olive pomace polar lipid (PPL) extract inhibits PAF activity in vitro and the most potent antagonist has been identified as a glycerylether-sn-2-acetyl glycolipid with common structural characteristics with the respective potent antagonist of OOPL. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PPL on early atherosclerosis development on rabbits and to compare it with the antiatherosclerotic effect of OOPL. OOPL and PPL inhibition potency, towards both PAF action and PAF binding, was tested in vitro on washed rabbit platelets. Consequently, rabbits were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). All groups were fed atherogenic diet for 22 days. Atherogenic diets in groups B and C were enriched with OOPL and PPL, respectively. At the end of the experimental time, rabbits were euthanized and aortic samples were examined histopathologically. OOPL and PPL inhibited PAF-induced aggregation, as well as specific PAF binding, with PPL being more potent. Free and bound PAF levels and PAF-AH activity were significantly elevated at the end of the experimental time. Plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were also found increased. Groups B and C exhibited significantly increased values of EC50 compared to group A. Histopathological examination revealed that the development of early atherosclerosis lesions in groups B and C were significantly inhibited compared to group A. Significant differences were noted in the early atherosclerosis lesions between groups B and C, thus indicating that PPL exhibit its anti-atherosclerotic activity by blocking PAF receptor. Specific PAF antagonists with similar in vitro and in vivo bioactivity to those that have been previously reported in OOPL exist in PPL.
Highlights
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major source of mortality in the Western World
gas chromatography (GC) fatty acid analysis performed on Olive oil polar lipid (OOPL) showed the existence of palmitic (16 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1), stearic (18 : 0), oleic, linoleic (18 : 2), and α-linolenic (18 : 3) fatty acids, whereas in pomace polar lipid (PPL) palmitic(16 : 0), oleic, and α-linolenic (18 : 3) fatty acids were detected
The most diluted concentrations of OOPL and PPL that resulted in 50% inhibition of platelet activating factor (PAF) activity were 1.5(±0.009) × 10−10 M and 1.1(±0.004) × 10−10 M, respectively, based on sugar determination
Summary
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major source of mortality in the Western World. It was believed that this is principally a problem of the developed world, new evidence, provided by the World Health Organization, shows that cardiovascular disease will become a major problem in developing countries as well, unless they stop acquiring Western nutritional habits. Heart attack and stroke are the clinical results of a systemic vascular process widely known as atherosclerosis [1]. Olive oil is the main source of fat in the aforementioned diet, its beneficiary effects on health have been widely examined, both in vitro and in vivo [4,5,6,7]
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