Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has approved only one treatment for schistosomiasis, praziquantel (PZQ), but some poor efficacy was noticed in patients during the early stage of infection. Therefore, researchers have intensified their efforts to research new alternative medicines to treat schistosomiasis. In the present study, in vitro as well as in vivo studies have been accomplished to evaluate the effect of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa extracts in a different concentration 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml on golden hamster infected by Egyptian strains of schistosome (Schistosoma haematobium). In vitro, the adult worms and schistosomula of S. haematobium were investigated in RPMI-1640 medium for 48 hrs. The results showed that the concentration 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml of Origanum majorana, and Ziziphus spina-christi caused dead of 100% of Egyptian Schistosoma strains of adult worm and schistosomula of S. haematobium within 6 to 12 hrs of incubation. On the other hand, the extract of Salvia fruticosa at concentrations 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml showed death 100% parasites after 12 to 24 hrs of incubation. Inclusion, Origanum majorana, and Ziziphus spina-christi showed effectiveness against Egyptian Schistosoma strains (S. haematobium), a slight decrease in Salvia fruticosa was observed. Therefore, these medical plant extracts may be used as a safe and effective treatment for schistosomiasis.
Highlights
Schistosomiasis is a worldwide disease, and it is sometimes called bilharzia
With the expanding publicity of medications based on aqueous or alcoholic extracts or any other organic dissolvent of natural therapeutic plant extracts, the current study is planned to assess the antischistosomal influence of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa aqueous extract in the golden hamster experimentally infected with S. haematobium in comparison with the present utilized PZQ in patent and prepatent stages of the disease
The aqueous extracts of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa were chosen to avoid the high toxicity of organic dissolvents such as chloroform, methanol, dichloromethane, and acetone because water is a safe, nontoxic widespread dissolvent to living cells [34]
Summary
Schistosomiasis is a worldwide disease, and it is sometimes called bilharzia. The intermediate host is the freshwater snail that transmits intravascular weakening disease resulting from infection with one of the types of Schistosoma that lives within the human vascular system, which lives within the circulation system of people [1, 2]. The World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Preparing in Tropical Diseases has classified schistosomiasis into the second category after malaria in significance as a targeted tropical disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has considered schistosomiasis to be a tropical disease that has been neglected. There are two major shapes of schistosomiasis: the intestinal (caused by four species called Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. intercalatum) and the urogenital caused by (S. haematobium) [4]
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