Antipsychotic Maintenance Treatment for Patients With Schizophrenia: The Need for Placebo-Controlled Trials and The Risk of Paradigm Shifts

Abstract

Abstract Background and Hypothesis There is limited evidence guiding clinicians and patients on how long to continue antipsychotic medication beyond the first 1–2 years of treatment. Data from long-term (beyond 2 years) placebo-controlled trials would be informative but would be resource-intensive and technically difficult to obtain. Philosophy and history offer perspective on whether schizophrenia researchers should invest in such trials. Study Design Essay. Results In Descartes’ model of science, knowledge grows by accumulation and evolves from simpler toward more complex areas. From this perspective, the most important questions are when and how to build this evidence base. In Kuhn’s model of science, paradigm shifts can occur that reframe which questions and answers are meaningful. From this perspective, the question of whether to invest in long-term placebo-controlled trials is especially important. An historical review of schizophrenia over the past century indicates that major paradigm shifts have occurred regarding schizophrenia treatments, what counts as evidence, and the definition of schizophrenia. Conclusions While long-term placebo-controlled trials would add value within the current paradigm, if a paradigm shift occurs there is a risk that this value would not be maintained in the new paradigm.