Abstract
Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) profiles of methanol extracts from edible wild-harvested (Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata) and cultivated (C. crispus) marine red macroalgae were studied herein. Palythine, asterina-330, shinorine, palythinol, porphyra-334 and usujirene MAAs were identified in the macroalgal extracts by LC/MS/MS. Extract reducing activity rankings were (p < 0.001): wild P. palmata > cultivated C. crispus = wild M. stellatus > wild low-UV C. crispus > wild high-UV C. crispus; whereas oxygen radical absorbance capacities were (p < 0.001): wild M. stellatus > wild P. palmata > cultivated C. crispus > wild low-UV C. crispus > wild high-UV C. crispus. Extracts were antiproliferative against HeLa and U-937 cells (p < 0.001) from 0.125–4 mg/mL, 24 h. Wild P. palmata and cultivated C. crispus extracts increased (p < 0.001) HeLa caspase-3/7 activities and the proportion of cells arrested at Sub G1 (apoptotic) compared to wild-harvested C. crispus and M. stellatus extracts. HeLa cells incubated with wild P. palmata and cultivated C. crispus extracts also exhibited morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis (shrinkage, rounding). Thus, extracts rich in low-polarity usujirene and polar palythine and asterina-330 MAAs were antiproliferative as inducers of apoptosis in HeLa cells.
Highlights
Marine macroalgae, or seaweeds play an integral role in the traditional diets of Pacific and Asian peoples, for reasons associated with the macro- and micronutrient contents, flavor and texture enhancing properties of the various marine macroalgae and constituents, as well as potentially contributing to a reduction in diet-related chronic disease risk in these populations [1]
C. crispus specimen as well as wild-harvested C. crispus specimens from low- and high-UV exposed locations, wild-harvested M. stellatus which co-occurs with C. crispus in the intertidal zone and
Wood and Grand Manan Islands, New Brunswick, Canada, respectively. We extend these findings by reporting the antioxidant capacity, comprising reducing activities and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values of these extracts; as well as the HeLa and U-937 human adenocarcinoma and histiocytic lymphoma cell antiproliferative activities of these red macroalgal extracts
Summary
Seaweeds (sometimes referred to as sea vegetables) play an integral role in the traditional diets of Pacific and Asian peoples, for reasons associated with the macro- (e.g., protein, lipid, fiber) and micronutrient (e.g., iodine, iron, potassium, β-carotene, tocols etc.) contents, flavor and texture enhancing properties (e.g., alginates, fucans, agar, carrageenans etc.) of the various marine macroalgae and constituents, as well as potentially contributing to a reduction in diet-related chronic disease risk (i.e., breast and colorectal cancers) in these populations [1]. Marine macroalgae are present, but much less ubiquitous, in the traditional diets of Icelandic, Welsh, Irish, North, Central and South American coastal peoples. Amongst these edible macroalgae are many species from the Rhodophyta such as “Nori” or “Kim/Gim” (Pyropia tenera or P. yezoensis) in Japan and Korea, “Hana. Epidemiological data support the hypothesis of diet-related chronic disease risk reduction in populations known to consume macroalgae regularly in the diet: the age-standardized incidence of breast cancer in North America and Western Europe are approx. Epidemiological data support the hypothesis of diet-related chronic disease risk reduction in populations known to consume macroalgae regularly in the diet: the age-standardized incidence of breast cancer in North America and Western Europe are approx. 76.7 and 89.9 per
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