Abstract
Calotropis gigantea has been known to produce bioactive secondary metabolites with antiproliferative activities against cancer cells. Herein, we extracted the secondary metabolites using ethyl acetate from its root bark and further tested its antiproliferative activities against P388 murine leukemia cell lines. The subfractions from the ethyl acetate extract was obtained from Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC), and followed by Gravity Column Chromatography (GCC). The subfraction C2 and D1 were identified to contain triterpenoids and steroids with the most potent cytotoxicity against Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2-5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay suggested that ethyl acetate extract has the highest antiproliferative activities against P388 murine leukemia cell lines (IC50 = 21.79 μg/mL), as opposed to subfraction C2 (IC50 = 50.64 µg/mL) and subfraction D1 (IC50 = 49.33 µg/mL). The compound identified in subfraction C2 and D1 are taraxerol acetate and calotropone, respectively. Though taraxerol acetate and calotropone were active in inhibiting the leukemic cell lines, their IC50s were lower than the ethyl acetate extract, which is probably due to the synergism of the secondary metabolites.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the most feared diseases in modern life and its treatment is usually carried out by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and immunotherapy [1,2]
From the partitioning the methanolic extract from C. gigantea root bark, the concentrated extracts obtained were 20.47 g from n-hexane, 73.60 g—ethyl acetate and 66.18 g—methanol solvents
The results of the phytochemical tests on the ethyl acetate extract from C. gigantea root bark reveal the content of secondary metabolites
Summary
Cancer is one of the most feared diseases in modern life and its treatment is usually carried out by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and immunotherapy [1,2]. Those treatments result in side effects, which eventually lead the researcher to look for alternative cancer treatments using natural compounds with high bioactivities. One of the plants that is famous for its bioactive compounds is Calotropis gigantea [4,5] This plant comprises chemical compounds such as alkaloids, resins, phenols, amyrin, sitosterol, isogiganterol, giganterol, flavonol glycosides, naphthalene, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and steroids [6]. An emerging bioactive compound with anticancer properties that has been extracted from C. gigantea root using an ethanol solvent [7]
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